Impact of in-field soil heterogeneity on biomass and yield of winter triticale in an intensively cropped hummocky landscape under temperate climate conditions

Abstract Crop cultivation provides ecosystem services on increasingly large fields. However, the effects of in-field spatial heterogeneity crop yields, in particular triticale, have rarely been considered. The study assess soil and elevation triticale grown an intensively cropped hummocky landscape. field was classified into three classes: C1, C2, C3, based texture available water capacity (AWC), which had high, moderate, low yield potential, respectively. Three elevations (downslope (DS), midslope (MS), upslope (US)) were considered as second factor. An unbalanced experimental design adopted with a factorial analysis variance for data analysis. Temporal growth showed that classes significant effects. Generally, better observed C1 compared to C3. DS lower potential than MS US. In addition, interactive effect confirmed, poor C3 DS, but not physiological parameters also confirmed differences between elevation. Similarly, moisture (SM) content plow layer measured at different points time AWC over profile positive association yield. results SM can explain variability mapping approach combining auguring techniques digital model could be used subdivide fields landscapes determining sub-field input intensities guide precision farming.